"Substrate inhibition of the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenases." J Biol Chem 253(24) 8697-701. PMID: 9774405īernstein78: Bernstein LH, Grisham MB, Cole KD, Everse J (1978). "A novel, non-redox-regulated NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase from chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana L." J Biol Chem 273(43) 27927-33. "Enzymes of the reductive citric acid cycle in the autotrophic eubacterium Aquifex pyrophilus and in the archaebacterium Thermoproteus neutrophilus." Arch Microbiol 160: 306-311.īerkemeyer98: Berkemeyer M, Scheibe R, Ocheretina O (1998). "Purification and properties of enzymes involved in the propionic acid fermentation." J Bacteriol 87 171-87. Other References Related to Enzymes, Genes, Subpathways, and Substrates of this PathwayĪllen64: Allen, S.H., Kellermeyer, R.W., Ssjernholm, R.L., Wood, H.G. "Biochemistry, 3rd Edition." John Wiley & Sons Inc. "Isolated durum wheat and potato cell mitochondria oxidize externally added NADH mostly via the malate/oxaloacetate shuttle with a rate that depends on the carrier-mediated transport." Plant Physiol 133(4) 2029-39. Pastore03: Pastore D, Di Pede S, Passarella S (2003). "Identification and metabolic role of the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Mol Microbiol 50(4) 1257-69. The reaction is reversible and can also function in aspartate biosynthesis (see pathwayĬavero03: Cavero S, Vozza A, del Arco A, Palmieri L, Villa A, Blanco E, Runswick MJ, Walker JE, Cerdan S, Palmieri F, Satrustegui J (2003). The first reaction shown here, on its own, serves as an aspartate degradation pathway (see pathway In plants, however, a malate/oxaloacetate shuttle has been described The malate-aspartate shuttle may be present in fungi In mammals, this shuttle is found in liver, heart and kidney. The malate-aspartate shuttle yields approximately 3 molecules of ATP per molecule of cytosolic NADH Because this shuttle is reversible, electrons from NADH are brought into the mitochondrion when the NADH/NAD + ratio is higher in the cytosol than in the mitochondrial matrix. In the cytosol, oxaloacetate is regenerated by transamination of aspartate. Mitochondrial oxaloacetate (which also does not readily cross the inner mitochondrial membrane) is transaminated to aspartate, which can be transported back to the cytosol via the glutamate-aspartate carrier. There, malate is oxidized by NAD + back to oxaloacetate, forming NADH. Malate is transported into the mitochondrial matrix via the malate-α-ketoglutarate carrier. In the cytosolic reactions of this shuttle shown here, oxaloacetate produced by transamination of aspartate is reduced to malate by electrons from NADH. Inside the mitochondrion, NADH can be oxidized by the electron transport chain to produce ATP. It is one of several shuttle mechanisms used to transfer electrons from cytosolic NADH produced by glycolysis into the mitochondrion, because NADH itself cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane. This pathway spans the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic spaces, transferring reducing equivalents across the mitochondrial membrane. In this eukaryotic route of aspartate degradation, aspartate is converted to malate as part of the reversible malate-aspartate shuttle. Generation of Precursor Metabolites and Energy → Metazoa BioCyc ID: MALATE-ASPARTATE-SHUTTLE-PWY Some taxa known to possess this pathway include If an enzyme name is shown in bold, there is experimental evidence for this enzymatic activity. In the list of taxa known to possess the pathway. This view shows enzymes only for those organisms listed below,
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